Spanish Sevilla, the golden History

Located to the south-west of Cordoba, Cadiz, in the north, (60) miles from the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The old name of the city of Seville is Ichaabali of Iberian, and then turning this name Latin Hispalis after conquered by the Romans in 205 BC, the Arabs and Muslims that name to Seville. This name is derived the current name, Spanish Sevilla.
History:
Seville, one of the first cities founded by Iberians, then the city has evolved in the era of the Phoenicians, Greeks, Alqirtajnyen, and became the commercial center of Andalusia, Seville was Ichaabali or at the time of Roman conquest, a small town area, fenced simple construction, and was dubbed the Oppidum any fortified place.
And the old city was located in a high place somewhat near the river, which they had occupied part of the city of Seville persons present. In the year 409 AD. Tribes, the Vandals invaded Spain, and followed by Visigoths, and settled where the kings of the Goths, and made it their capital until the transfer of King Iofajldo capital to Toledo in 567 AD. The city flourished during the reign of San Hermnkhaldo who converted to Christianity and founded Ouislane Isidro famous school in Seville.
Then he started a new era in the revelation of the Muslims in the peninsula and inaugurated it, the flags of Islam and rose to Andalusia, and by the armies of Tariq ibn Ziyad opened strongholds and forts after the victory over the armies of the Visigoths at the battle of the Valley of the Seine lakh in 93 e / 712 CE.
The wave of conquistadors led by Musa ibn Nusair, piquant open the cities that have not opened up Gibraltar, Seville and fallen to the Muslims after a siege of several months for the walls of immunity and resistance. And has been chosen Musa bin Nusair, capital of Andalusia to the location on the sea, and its association with other ways other Andalusian cities, and easier access to the base in the Maghreb Islamic armies in the event of revolutions of Andalusia, Seville, but did not enjoy such excellence as to Cordoba became the capital after the murder of Abdul Aziz bin Musa 98 common e / 717 AD.
Were successively Andalusia number of governors, including the Umayyads emitted tribal conflict, and the country became the scene of strife and chaos, a breeding ground for disorder even entered the Prince Abdul Rahman Ibn Muawiyah Al-Andalus, and saved from the tribulations that the contract was covered by the persistent manifestations of chaos, and the fact that an Arab Islamic State was an extension of the Umayyad .
And has been living in Seville after the Moslem conquest as it was the time of the Goths, only a slight change caused by the victors in the field of religious, social, housing Seville a handful of Arabs, as most of them preferred to flee to the capital city of Cordoba.
Has pervaded the city a large number of Christians as the first Christian religious center in Spain since the time of the Goths, then the number of its Arab population suddenly settled after the Jund al-Homs in 124 AH / 742 CE. Seville and I got several Arab tribes, such as the Banu Musa, and the children blossom, and the children of the pilgrims, and the children seriously, and the children of jail.
And follow the Muslims since the conquest policy of tolerance in the treatment of Christians of Seville, and offered so many Christians turning to Islam, and the minds of these converts were so far peaceful. The Christians have – particularly in the reign of Abdul Aziz ibn Musa – freely in the rituals of their religion, and had the effect of this policy of tolerance that has close ties between Muslims and Christians based on the marriage of Muslims to the Spaniards, conquerors Vkther marriage of the Spaniards, and originated from the marriage a generation of Spaniards Muslim knew Bamouldin and the number born little by little, they were at the end of the nineteenth century the majority of the population of Seville, and kept many of them Spanish names such as brown Angeline, and built Cbrqp.
In the year 158 AH / 775 AD. Came to Abdul Rahman bin Muawiya King bed, Cordoba, Seville Vtemtat in the custody of and behind the Umayyad overall prosperity in her life, and established the Umayyad prince Eternal great facilities, and Abdel-Rahman was the era of East approached the age of Islamic Spain Palmcherq Abbasi – for the first time – contact direct that the outdated Islamic Spain in the first – especially in the era of Abdel-Rahman inside – they preserve the ideals and traditions Shamia.
During the reign of Prince Abdullah bin Mohammed raised the banner of independence of Seville, and out of orbit of the emirate Córdoban and flipped Seville Hajjaj bin Ibrahim, a leader of the city and honorable, and elevated in the drawer of glory and was a strong leader. The children of pilgrims continued to rule until Seville when Abdel Rahman Bin Mohammad Al Emirate of Cordoba, and determination to subdue rioting and the consolidation of Al Andalus, the inclusion of the independent cities of central power, and succeeded Nasser Abdel-Rahman eliminating the Omar bin Hvson Bbstr rebel citadel, and surrendered him Ahmed bin Muslim bin Hajjaj, so I went back to the orbit of Cordoba, Seville, and established a fortified township.
As the kings of the communities in Andalusia, after the fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba, son of slaves seized the reigns Seville in 433 AH / 1042. And make the children of slaves, capital of the small kingdom, and saw the Seville in their time of prosperity not seen before. And brought the matter is that became the greatest cities of Islamic Spain after it abandoned its Cordoba for leadership.
And then successively on a number of Seville successors combined weak, apart from a king had a great credit to the beautification and care of Seville, Abul-Ala Idris Ibn Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur 614 to 627 AH / 1218-1230 AD, who tried to restore the luster of Seville days Mansour, have resorted to vaccinated before the threat, and he settled it in 618 AH / 1221. A huge tower, tower is the famous gold which still stands today, and new city walls, and built a fence before Amamiya surrounded by all of us, and dig a trench going around the walls, an exaggeration to fortify the city against the Spanish threat.
The death of Abu Ala Idris vanished all hope of saving the Seville, has fallen cities which had made up the front line of defense, and Kcrdobp Qurmonp fort and the palace and the castle and the fortress and castle Faraj Jaber. On December 22, 1248 / 645 e. Castilla armies entered the city of Seville after a siege that lasted nearly 17 months.
Landmarks:
A great big city of Seville was in the days of the great Muslim cities of Andalusia, and is today one of the largest and most beautiful cities in Spain, which are close to the sea, located on the shore of a great river, going where the big boats. Seville, overlooking the Mount of honor, a mountain of many trees, olives and other fruit, and is distinct from other cities in Andalusia advantage of all the good air and fine water, and soil health and crops, livestock, many of the fruits of all kinds, hunting land and sea, and many of the honey and fig dry, with walls vulnerable and full of markets, and create many, and her Miyasir, and most of their trade by the oil that is getting ready to the east and the west by land and sea, as well as their land grants to cotton Afeem Andalusia, and Etjhz by traders to Africa and Sljmasp and what Gods, safflower Safflower preferred by the prospects, and sugar cane by many.
At the end of the river of Seville from both sides of many islands surrounded by water, Kloha lasting and set lasting outcome and milk, and refrain from what the cloven hooves and the enemy is not up to anyone, and you know this Algeria Madaen.
During the reign of Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Mumin and his son Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur Seville reached the height of its glory and greatness, and has truly become the capital of Andalusia in the era of uniform, sweeping the markets, shops, palaces and monuments, and civilization flourished.
And cultural landmarks of Seville, where the old Arab quarter of narrow streets that do not allow the passage of only small cars, and the strange calm that enjoys the streets by day and by the fountains in channels of houses, and walls bearing inscriptions Arab movable forms known in the palaces and mosques and the most repeated phrase “no winner except Allah “These walls are covered with bright white layer, spread on the turf of small windows and balconies colors green, the flowers hanging down, wonderful colors and forms.
The Seville, in the era of uniform, divided into neighborhood is a key city, surrounded by other districts, and surrounds the city and its neighborhoods strong walls protect the city from enemy raids, and was located outside the walls peri, as in most cities of Andalusia.
Walls: a landmark of Seville remaining front wall, which was built and constructed by the ruling Abul-Ela Idris in 1223. And digging a trench around it, and to extend it a little high fence to the river Guadalquivir huge tower tower is a large rib gold still exists today, and in this tower for a similar tower on the beach near the city are linked by a series of huge iron to prevent ships from passing the night in the Guadalquivir River protection of the city from across the river to sneak it.
Castles: From the lingering effects also Jaber Castle or Castle Oerp Valley, which lies (12) kilometers west of Seville, on the western side of a hill and a height of about 82.50 meters and is surrounded by Oerp Valley from the south and west. Jaber Castle and the most important example of the remaining bastions of Andalusian now and was longer in the Islamic era, the real key regions, including Seville and was conceived as the walls and towers, palaces and the role of the grand mosque and shops like a small town.
The new Almohad building and supplied the castle walls, fences, trenches the front, and this is reflected in the system of towers and walls that resemble the walls of every alum and Qasrc Seville, Badajoz and towers, the castle consists of two Siahin separation wall in the middle of the door, and when Fernando III took over the castle fortifications repaired and re – instructions in the fifteenth century during the reign of the Catholic Kings. In 1543 it carried out many reforms, and renewed a third time during the reign of Philip II, and seized the French in the eighteenth century the castle, ruined many of the towers, and opened large gaps in the walls for the installation of guns and in spite of all these reforms, which changed the appearance of the castle can be Islamic distinguish towers combined.
A Fort vagina, which is located southwest of Trianp from the city of Seville, known today as the “San Juan de Atnalfrc” a distortion of the fortress of the vagina, was ordered built by Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur in 585 AH / 1189. Before his victory in the Arc signed five years. It was built on the river Great Seville. Within the fort built palaces and Kabbat in progress on the usually-Mansour construction of love and selflessness construction propagated this building deficiencies as intended, has become a fortress for a summer-based successors are combined, and a center for the defensive honor.
The fort fell into the hands of Alakectaliyn in 643 AH / 1246 after fierce resistance by the Muslims and destroyed walls in the year AH 682 / in 1284 and built around a village called since then on behalf of San Juan. All that remains of it now only traces of some high walls.
As well as landmarks of Seville Fort Palace, one of the famous forts in the region of honor around the Seville and is located about 25 kilometers south-west of Seville, click Ncz known today as Cerro de Alcazar oversees this high on the Cedar Valley, this site is one of the finest strategic locations. It was adopted Ibn Abbad often requires the time of the picnic and the effects of this small fort which proves that he built over the ancient Roman buildings, and the Islamic monuments which do not merely a section of the walls 20 meters long and a height of four meters, a huge tower built all of the cob.
Including Fort Faroe Pmalqp based on a high mountain to the east of Faro Malaga, on the basis of an ancient castle built by Phoenician Prince Abdul Rahman home in 170 AH / 787 CE. It was composed at the time of fences: one external brick buildings, and the second related to the Kasbah and Nasser Abdel-Rahman, took care fortified and completion of and around the children Hammoud fortress, and set up by a huge tower to oversee the Málaga bay and is known today as Torre Vigia and a height (17) meters, this fort has fallen into the hands of the Catholic Kings in 892 AH / 1487 after a siege that lasted for forty days, hard and keep it on the walls and fences Jabab and part of the tower was topped by the Great Lighthouse sends light into the sea.
A circular fort, which is located on a mountain height of 155 meters swallow on the road between Cordoba and Seville, Muslims have built in 141 AH / 759 CE. And called to inform Palmdor Biasi year 623 AH / 1226. But Ferdinand III was inaugurated in 637 AH / 1240. The walls of this fort to the top of this winding mountain, has renewed Abu Mohammed, so as to conform walls in different places him, and by massive towers are deaf from the inside, and topped all balconies prismatic form, and the entrance to the fort is located in the south eastern side.
Mosques: was established in the city since its founding in the Islamic era mosques Jaamaan: the first mosque built by Ibn Adbs Judge Omar Bin Order Adbs Prince Abdul Rahman East in 213 AH / 829 CE. Are still remnants phenomenon even today, although it is the Church of San Salvador. The second Kasbah Mosque, founded by Abu Ya’qub Yusuf, and it is today the Cathedral of Seville.
In the Mosque of Ibn Adbs was a house of prayer includes eleven naves perpendicular to the qibla wall tile East, including the most up tiles, and the length of the qibla wall ranges between 48 and 50 meters, and the minaret was based on the northern wall of the mosque, and protrude outside the wall a little bit. The lobby of the mosque was Mgrosa planted with orange, bitter orange, as it was decorated with a fountain in the form of conch.
The mosque was in 472 AH / 1079. A violent earthquake demolished the upper part of the minaret, renewing adopted bin slaves to build in one month, and date of construction recorded on the plate was discovered in the tribal base of the wall minaret. And tend to think that the construction of the mosque was affected by this earthquake, Western Vtsdat walls and tilted and eroded Awards roof and ordered the ruling Almohad Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, in 592 AH / 1195. Repaired, and established the foundations of his forceful western walls tilt, and returned to prayer after having been cut off from him since the year 570 AH / 1174.
And have fallen Seville in 1246. In the hands of Alakectaliyn, Mosque of Ibn Adbs turning to the Church of San Salvador, and hit the minaret on 24 August 1356 / 757 e. Severely damaged as a result of an earthquake demolished its upper part, it took place the current floor bells, and then the entire destruction of the mosque in 1081 AH / 1671. With the exception of the minaret and the lobby, and built the new church location.
The minaret of the mosque – the only effect keeping us from the mosque – minarets resemble the Andalusian era, Abdel-Rahman of Cordoba East, such as the minaret of the San Juan and Santiago, in the spiral staircase inside his 80 cm, revolves around a huge cylindrical pillar.
And the Mosque of Ibn Adbs not been any increase since it was built or added, fed up after three centuries of its inception, the congregation of the people of Seville, were praying in the spaciousness and Oaqbith shops in related markets, Phippad Balarbp zoom them. He ordered the Almohad ruler Abu Yaqub Yusuf construction of a mosque Casbah, and began to build in the month of Ramadan in 567 AH / 1172. Entrusted to Sheikh Ahmed bin Sgt clothing and builders of the people of Seville and Mrakhovas so.
The engineers drilled basis until he arrived to dig into the water, then put the foundation of brick, lime and plaster and stone, and set up foundations below ground level, construction has remained constant, even supplemented Baltsagev, for four years, and a boat to widen the Mosque of Cordoba and is interested in building the Dome of the mihrab, corporals, and placed where all their genius, and made for a mosque pulpit of the finest types of wood, carved the wonderful decorations, and studded sandal Mdza ivory, ebony, silver and gold plates, and then held for him confined took mihrab and the pulpit.
The mosque contains seventeen corridor perpendicular to the qibla wall, tile East, including more extensive tiles, and the brackets the Whole bypassing broken based on the foundations of brick, and was supported by external walls of the mosque to pay the huge pillars arising from the brackets.
As his son Yaqub ordered to Seville to supervise the completion of the draft of his father and complete the construction of a minaret exceed height of a minaret in Cordoba, and is not only the minaret after the victory of Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur on the armies of Castile at the battle of Arc in the July 10, 1195 / 591 e. And increased agility in the minaret overlooking the plains of Seville. And decorated every wall of the walls of the minaret of the two networks differ aids outstanding in every aspect of the faces, and occupies the central region between the two networks and bypassing lobed arches very good and beauty.
He then ordered Abu Yusuf apples making four golden crowns the minaret, and raised in the highest dome Ambassod prominent minaret, and then was removed by membranes that were covered in a ceremony attended by the Governor and the Crown Prince Nasser and his sons, and all Oceach combined, the judge and the elders, and in the spring the other in 594 AH / 1197 AD. Vbehrt underbelly of machinery and eyes present.
It is the last yard of the mosque was divided all the roads leading to the city walls the doors open, and really any wonder that we see today retains some of the ways planned by the old, it goes from one party to another city, passing the mosque.
And have fallen in Seville by Ferdinand III of Castile, he turned to the mosque Maria church, the mosque remained standing in this state without hitting his building damage, however, have been established by several chapels, including the royal chapel, and then successively by the impact of earthquake disasters , forcing the Council of Churches Seville to the decision to demolish it and build the Cathedral of Cordoba place and, indeed, the demolition of the mosque, and lay the foundation stone in the construction of the new year 804 AH / 1402, has been the lobby of the Whole – known as the hall orange – retains its integrity to a large measure destroyed Mjnepth Bank 1026 H / in 1618.
Little remains of the Almohad Mosque only a few square overlooking the Bhoh from the north and east. Among these brackets arc section known door of forgiveness, and strength of the two bands prominent decoration, Tertsm the list of rectangles and squares on their heads, and flanking a bar crowded with Middle Ptoriqat of palm smooth, free of stems, surrounded Mkrzp lines and wrinkles in the edges bend and fit together in harmony and rhythm, and all the decorations mixed Andalusian style with Morocco.
The minaret has shifted after the fall of Seville in 1246. To the bell tower of the church, then fell extension Tvahatha gold on the impact of an earthquake in 756 AH / 1355. And then removed one of the lightning upper part of the minaret in 899 AH / 1494. As another part of which fell in an earthquake in 909 AH / 1504. The Spaniards established a place of the upper floor of the new storey building in 974 AH / 1567, a monument in the above in 975 AH / 1568. The bronze statue of going with the wind, hence called Giraldio or rotary air, and turning this name to the Giralda, and became known since the early eighteenth century the tower as a whole.
It was the Normans raided the Seville in 229 AH / 844 CE. And their entrance, burned the mosque roof, and went in her palaces, and then bring them out by the Prince, he noted the ministers built a wall of the city of Seville for their protection, so to Fhd Abdullah bin Sinan – one pro Umayyad – Fbnah Abdel-Rahman ordered the establishment of Dar Seville industry to create a warship because of Andalusia did not have a fleet at that time was able to reply raids Normans.
Walls: create a new system stationed in the planning of the walls of Seville, as they had a lot of angles of internal and external wall, so take the form of zigzag lines surf, and the advantage of this system that lets soldiers advancing enemies within one angle, and then rush them from the top of the walls on their routes Vivtkon grand scale, is similar to this system “Alzembrk” If you pressure him, then leave the driving hard afflicts offset, and continues to this sector of the Seville-based walls, known as Wall comparison, runs from the door compared to the door of Cordoba, and some scattered remnants in the park after Institute the valley.
The scientific status:
Seville is a center of the ancient Andalusian culture, where there are old by the University due to two centuries, containing the faculties of Arts, Law and Science and the Faculty of Medicine, an independent, and a little teaching Arabic at the Faculty of Arts.
And the archives of the India House, which includes sets the value of documents relating to the discovery of America, and the date of the Spanish-American colonies and management, and other researchers from the destination country, particularly the U.S., which means scientists a study of these groups in particular.